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Fertility is an inevitable stage that most people have to face in their lives. We can understand it this way: for a person, he is just an individual, and no matter what lifestyle he chooses, he can make decisions according to his own ideas and environment.

Once an individual has left family of origin and established a new family,This means that they are no longer just a single individual. From an ethical point of view, it is also a kind of social pressure exerted by "being a parent" on the identity of individuals in our daily life.

Of course, in addition to some ethical and moral influences, there are some more realistic factors that will make people unwilling to accept the social identity of "parents". One of the most direct factors is economic factors.

In fact, it is well understood that the premise of childbirth is based on social factors: that is, finding a suitable partner and establishing a family with yourself. But fertility is also inseparable from economic factors.

Especially in today’s rapid social and economic development, it takes huge economic expenditure to bring up a child from birth to adulthood. This has led many young people to be unwilling to get married.Unwilling to have children.

No matter looking at the world or focusing on China, in recent years, the population growth trend is in a relatively slow state, and even most countries and regions have experienced negative population growth.

The same is true in China. In the past few years, when the COVID-19 epidemic broke out, in fact, we have suffered an obvious blow from the increase in population. From 2021 to 2022, China’s population has almost infinitely approached negative growth, but it is not obvious because of the relatively large population base accumulated previously.

When the time comes to 2023, relevant data show that the population of China has experienced the first negative population growth in the past 61 years, with a net decrease of 850,000 people.

On the one hand, this obvious change shows the overall population change trend in the world today, on the other hand, it reminds us that perhaps the population problem that we were least worried about is imminent.

In view of the low population growth rate and some secondary problems, the most direct solution is naturally to increase the fertility rate and increase the new population.

However, it is obviously not enough to change the status quo by relying on macro-level means such as policies and systems, because the idea of "unwilling to have children" has already penetrated into the hearts of this generation, especially young women.

According to a recent survey, among women under the age of 35 in China,只有不到七成的人才认为生育是“不得不做”的事情，换言之，有30%左右的女性已经开始对生孩子持“无所谓”甚至是抵触态度了。

这种情况在中国传统文化之中，应该是比较罕见的。因为生育对于华夏文明而言，有着非凡的意义，除了生命的延续，也是家族和文明的延续。

正如上文所说，生育在中国人看来，既是生理层面的生命延续，又是社会交往角度的关系延续，更是家庭、宗族文化和家风的传承。

中国传统文化重视“人情世故”，在很多社会环境当中，人与人之间的交往，甚至是事情发展的程度，都是取决于人与人之间的关系的。

即费孝通先生所谓“差序格局”——人们会以自我为中心，通过关系的亲属远近去判断不同关系的处理尺度。

从这个角度来看，生育其实也是一种对于关系延续的实践。无论是亲属关系、世俗关系还是亲密关系，子女的存在无疑能够让关系可以进一步发展，甚至是更加密切。

除了社会关系之外，文化的传承也是生育的一个重要功能。

比如习总书记在党的十八大之后提出的“家风”传承，实际上就是一种家族、宗族文化的延续，而无数个不同家庭如果都能够很好的传承优良文化，那么整个社会和国家自然也会在整体的优良文化传承中发展。

For the simplest example, most families have family precepts, family rules, and a value system that all family members agree with. These are their spiritual wealth.

Therefore, giving birth to children is naturally a fine cultural inheritance, which can also make individuals in the family gain spiritual improvement.

However, with the development of modern society, the traditional ideas that are not contrary to each other seem to be put on the "backward" level relative to "modern". The traditional advantages brought by childbearing mentioned above can no longer be favored by young people, and the high cost of childcare is even more prohibitive.

Many aspects should be taken into account to solve the fertility problem.

– The End –

Author | Tommy

Edit | Pan-fried bun

A group of young people who like to look up at the stars

References: Bruk, A., Scholl, S.G., & Bless, H. (2018). Beautiful mess effect: self-other differences in evaluation of showing vulnerability. Journal of personality and social psychology, 115 (2), 192-205.

Wechat WeChat official account: the first psychology

Now more and more swimmers come to the swimming pool to exercise, and you can see many people doing fitness exercises at different time periods every day. Some people exercise in the morning, some at noon and some at night. As for when is the best time to do fitness exercise in a day? This has always been a controversial topic, and today Xiaobian will talk to you about this topic.

When is the best time to swim in a day?

• Exercise in the morningWhen people wake up in the morning, they have consumed almost all the food they ate last night. At this time, the human body is in a state of hypoglycemia and there is not much glycogen in the body. At this time, fitness exercise (aerobic exercise) will use more fat to supply energy to the body, and the weight loss effect will be better.
• Exercise after lunch breakSome people like to exercise after lunch break at noon, because at this time the human body eats and rests (breakfast, lunch and lunch break. ) The time when the muscle speed, strength and endurance of the human body are in a relatively optimal state, if you exercise during this time, especially the fitness crowd who gain muscle and weight, you will get better fitness effect.

• Exercise after workAnd some people like to go to the gym to exercise after work, which is about 6 o’clock in the evening. Because this will help to relieve the pressure of work in a day and relax the mood better.
• Exercise at nightSome people like to do fitness exercises at night, because at this time, the flexibility and flexibility of the muscles and joints of the human body are the best. Then rest for 1-2 hours after exercise, and then go to sleep, you will feel that the quality of sleep is very high and it is easy to fall asleep.

All the above studies show that swimming can increase bone density and prevent bone loss and osteoporosis, which is of great practical significance for improving the health level of the elderly.

So, when is the best time to do swimming exercise in a day? In fact, there is a good way to verify whether the time of one day’s exercise is the best. If you feel full of energy, good appetite, good sleep quality and quiet pulse after a period of exercise, the number of beats per minute is almost the same as before or slows down. This shows that your current amount of exercise and the timing of exercise are very suitable. On the other hand, if you often feel sleepy and sleep badly after a period of exercise, get up early to measure your pulse, and the number of beats per minute is more than 6 times than before, which shows that you exercise too much or choose the wrong time for exercise.

In fact, when the daily fitness exercise is arranged, it still depends on the individual’s specific work and life time. However, it is best to arrange the time of fitness exercise at the same time. If there are no special circumstances, don’t change it casually. Because the fixed time of fitness exercise every day can make you have the desire to exercise and develop good exercise habits, which is more conducive to the conditioned reflex of the internal organs of the body, so that people can quickly enter the state of exercise, provide enough energy for fitness exercise and achieve better fitness results.

2/ How many meters can I swim at a time to achieve the best weight loss effect?

Swimming is a whole-body exercise, which can not only lose weight, but also keep your tall and straight posture, so that you can easily shape your S-shape. When swimming, people’s metabolism is very fast, which can consume 1100 kilojoules of heat in 30 minutes, and this metabolic rate can be maintained for a period of time after you leave the water. So how many meters can swimming last to effectively shape your body?

• How long will it take to lose weight by swimming?Swimming lasts more than 20 minutes. If you just swim in the water, no matter how long you soak, it will have no effect.

• The best time to lose weight by swimmingIn addition, don’t swim too long. Soaking in the water for a long time is very harmful to the skin. And if you don’t move in the water, it is easy for your joints to be stimulated by cold, and your body resistance will drop, which is not conducive to fitness.

• The best heart rate for swimming to lose weightGo all out to keep the heart rate at about 80% of the maximum heart rate when swimming. In order to ensure this standard, count how many times the pulse jumps in 6 seconds every swimming period, followed by a 0 is the heart rate of 1 minute. Paying attention to your own data is one of the main factors to motivate yourself.

Swimming to lose weight, combining speed and speed is effective. However, for most people, it is difficult to swim fast in the whole course, so we might as well swim slowly and then quickly, and then swim slowly and then quickly, in this way to improve the sports effect.

According to the convention, experts suggest that the length of each swimming exercise for healthy people under the age of 35 should be 2000~2500 meters; People aged 35 to 50 should swim at a distance of 1,500 to 1,800 meters at a time; Older people over 50 years old should choose 1,000 ~ 1,200 meters according to their physical condition, and they should swim 2~3 times a week. If they persist for 3 months, they will definitely have a good slimming effect. Interesting and easy-to-understand ways to lose weight in swimming Using kick boards, kick boards, paddles, flippers and other water swimming tools will not only help burn more calories, but also exercise the muscles of limbs, and at the same time increase swimmers’ interest in swimming.

In order to avoid injury during swimming, remember to do some warm-up and stretching exercises before entering the water.

"Reach up slowly, shake hands hard, and keep exercising like this, which will help you recover." Wu Yunfeng, a Chinese medicine acupuncturist, is giving rehabilitation guidance to patients in Shagou Branch of Yingwuxi Town Health Center in Sinan County. Here, there is an endless stream of patients who come to see a doctor and have an infusion check.

Shagou Branch of Parrot Creek Health Center newly put into use this year. Photo by Sun Lei

In recent years, Sinan County has taken "improving ability, providing excellent service, strengthening medical treatment and ensuring health" as the starting point, and built, reformed and upgraded many primary medical and health institutions by means of improving medical level, health education, complete infrastructure and policy implementation guarantee, continuously strengthened the construction of primary medical and health services, and made efforts to solve the problems of "it is difficult to see a doctor" for the masses, so that the people can get medical treatment at "home" with more security.

As a newly put into operation this year, Shagou Branch of Yingwuxi Town Health Center has provided great convenience to the surrounding people. Tian Weigao, a villager with chronic diseases in Taxi Village, used to go to Yingwu Town Health Center for treatment every few days. Because of his old age, he was physically and mentally exhausted from the commute.

"My hand is an old problem. It used to be troublesome to go to the town. It was a long journey and delayed time. It was not convenient to take a car when I was old. Now it’s okay. It’s convenient to come to Shagou, and it saves a lot of trouble. Doctors in hospitals are also familiar with it." Tian Weigao, who has just finished rehabilitation training, is very satisfied.

Experts from Sinan County People’s Hospital went to Tingziba Health Center to carry out technical training. Photo by Yang Yongfeng

After Shagou Branch was put into use, Yingwu Town Health Center sent a number of key doctors and nurses to the branch for consultation, and opened many departments such as outpatient service, hospitalization and traditional Chinese medicine physiotherapy, which could meet the diverse needs of the masses.

It is understood that the Shagou area where Shagou Branch is located has a large permanent population and is relatively concentrated, and the local people have a great demand for medical treatment. In order to solve the problem of villagers’ medical treatment, this year, the health department of Sinan County, in combination with the actual situation, allocated medical resources and made great efforts to promote the Yingwuxi Town Health Center to open a branch to the village, which can achieve more than 15,000 people in 15 surrounding villages to seek medical treatment nearby. At the same time, in addition to routine treatment, Shagou Branch has also carried out physical therapy projects such as cupping, acupuncture and moxibustion in traditional Chinese medicine, equipped with inspection equipment such as B-ultrasound machine and electrocardiogram machine. Through system networking, people can have an examination in the morning and get results in the afternoon, so that people can not only "have" but also "excellent" medical treatment at their doorstep.

The doctor of Tingziba Town Health Center diagnosed the patient’s condition. Photo by Yang Yongfeng

"For more than three months, the outpatient service of the branch has averaged about 30 person-times a day, and there are more than 90 inpatients. We have remote assistance, and the county hospital and our medical community can make referrals and can pass remote consultations. " Yu Yongke, president of the Yingwu Town Health Center, said that next, with the support of all levels, the health center will strive to improve the medical technology and service level, so that patients can enjoy better diagnosis and treatment services.

Tingziba Town Health Center in Sinan County covers an area of 2,200 square meters and is a demonstration site of municipal health management center. Since the beginning of this year, the hospital has deeply integrated basic medical care with basic public health. The hospital has upgraded and upgraded its health environment, medical management and health services, added medical facilities such as Chinese medicine decocting machine and C14 detection analyzer, strengthened the treatment of traditional Chinese medicine, and invited experts to visit regularly, so that grassroots people can not only see the improvement of "face value", but also enjoy the service upgrade, and promote the transformation from "disease treatment as the center" to "health management as the center"

Doctors from Shagou Branch of Parrot Town Health Center are working. Photo by Sun Lei

In the hospital, there are all kinds of functional areas, such as outpatient service area, Chinese medicine hall and waiting area, and the clean, tidy, warm and comfortable medical environment is eye-catching. Speaking of today’s medical experience, the people on the scene gave thumbs up.

"It’s much better than before. Hygiene, equipment and atomization are all ok. Being hospitalized here is very comfortable and the environment is much more beautiful than before. I feel satisfied." Zhang Zhongdao, a patient who is hospitalized here, feels the most truly.

"This year, we have upgraded the environment and services of hospitals, from the overall transformation of hospitals to the re-planning of departments and wards. And actively organize business training such as free clinics and special lectures, and continuously strengthen the service ability of medical staff, so that the people’s medical environment and services have been greatly improved, and satisfaction and happiness have made a qualitative leap. " Zhang Yi, Dean of Tingziba Town Health Center, introduced.

The newly renovated Tingziba Town Health Center. Photo by Chen Min

It is the growing health demand of the masses to "see a doctor and be optimistic about the disease" at home. Sinan county keeps a close eye on the goal of high-quality development of health care, focusing on optimizing services, improving quality and increasing efficiency, with two tertiary hospitals, namely, County People’s Hospital and County Ethnic Chinese Medicine Hospital, two secondary general hospitals, namely, Tangtou Town Health Center and Xujiaba Town Health Center, as its wings, 26 township (street) hospitals (community health service centers) as its support, 16 private medical institutions as its supplement, and 499 village clinics as its bottom, to build 15 towns.

"We focus on two county-level hospitals, supplemented by two county-level regional medical sub-centers, and send high-quality medical experts to rural two-level hospitals regularly, so that rural people can enjoy high-quality medical services at their doorstep. At the same time, it also optimizes the internal and external environment of medical institutions and enhances the people’s sense of medical experience. With the goal of building’ hotel-style’ and’ garden-style’ hospitals, it constantly improves the county’s medical environment, optimizes medical services, and enhances our people’s sense of medical experience. " Li Zheng, deputy director of Sinan County Health and Wellness Bureau, introduced. (Chen Min, Sun Lei, Yang Yongfeng)

Live on April 23rd, the first round of the NBA playoffs G4, 76ers beat the Nets 96-88 away, with a total score of 4-0. After the game, 76ers striker PJ Tucker was interviewed.

In the interview, Tucker praised the performance of teammate Tobias Harris: "No one can say enough about Harris. He has played a huge role in both ends of the court."

In this campaign, Harris scored 25 points, 12 rebounds, 1 assist and 1 blocked shot; Tucker scored 3 points, 4 rebounds, 1 assist and 2 steals.

Live on March 11th, klopp was interviewed by BT after the 0-1 Bournemouth match.

Klopp: "We had the advantage in the first half. They played the counterattack they wanted, but we didn’t.".

"I think we have to play in a clear and open space, and we don’t use these times enough-the space next to their double midfield, and other players are more or less busy covering other areas. We don’t use it frequently enough and don’t like to face the challenge of iron drum array.

"Obviously, we can’t win all the ball rights, but small things will have a huge impact, and then we are 0-1 behind.

"They have been doing the same thing, but it was very successful. We didn’t defend well enough. I think the second half started well and got a penalty, but we didn’t score. We were really impatient and didn’t create enough opportunities.

"Salah scored a lot of goals and missed a penalty. This is life. To be honest, we don’t know when we got the last penalty, at least it was a long time ago in the league. If you enter, the situation may change, and the result may change, that’s all.

"Bournemouth are fighting for relegation, great team, great city, they want to stay in the Premier League, and they are doing well. The results of the past few months have not developed in the right direction, but the performance looks different, so they deserve three points today, that’s all. "

Live on March 11th Deschamps accepted an exclusive interview with Le Parisien and explained Benzema’s withdrawal from the World Cup. He said Benzema decided to leave by himself.

Regarding Benzema’s withdrawal from the World Cup, Deschamps explained: "I lost an important player. Benzema was hurt because the World Cup meant a lot to him. He said to me,’ No chance’. The team doctor’s examination is consistent with Benzema’s examination in Madrid. In the best case, he can’t resume training before December 10th. In his communication with him, he expressed his disappointment that he had to give up. "

"But to clarify, this decision was made for the sake of the team. We stayed for almost 20 minutes, and when I left, I told him,’ Karim, don’t worry, you and the coach of the team (Real Madrid) decide the recovery plan together’. When I woke up the next day, I learned that he had left. This is his decision. He won’t tell you anything else. I understand and respect him. "

However, Benzema quickly refuted Deschamps’ statement in social media: "I dare to say it."